Antimicrobial — extracts active against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Candida species
Antiproliferative — aqueous and ethanolic extracts show cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell lines in vitro
Larvicidal — alkaloid-rich fractions effective against Aedes and Culex mosquito larvae
Safety & Interactions
Contraindications
Cold-type conditions without heat signs — cool bitter nature contraindicated in deficiency-cold patterns
Cautions
Sparsely documented in TCM pharmacopoeia literature — primarily used in folk medicine in southern China; formal clinical safety data is limited
Seeds contain ergoline alkaloids common to Convolvulaceae family — seed preparations require caution; standard herbal (whole plant) use is generally considered safe
MSK page not found — drug interaction data not available from Memorial Sloan Kettering integrative medicine database